We awarded funding to Dr. Emma Thomas (Flinders University), Dr. Winnifred Louis (University of Queensland), Dr. Catherine Amiot (Université du Québec à Montréal), Dr. Pascal Molenberghs (Monash University), Dr. Monique Crane (Macquarie University), and Dr. Jean Decety (University of Chicago) for this project. The purpose of this research is to explore the interplay between combinations of more conventional and confrontational forms of animal advocacy.